Definition and Examples of Amphiboly in English

Definition and Examples of Amphiboly in English Amphiboly is a  fallacy  of relevance that relies on an ambiguous word or grammatical structure to confuse or mislead an audience. Adjective: amphibolous. Also known as  amphibology. More broadly, amphiboly may refer to a fallacy that results from a faulty sentence structure of any kind. Etymology From the Greek, irregular speech Pronunciation:  am-FIB-o-lee Examples and Observations [T]he 2003 election reform law demanded that politicians acknowledge in their own voices their responsibility for advertisements they run on public airwaves. But five years later, the I approved has become a pivotal device in commercials for Congress and the White House, a place for candidates to make a declaration of intent, summarize the message or take a parting shot. . . .A University of New Hampshire rhetoric professor, James Farrell, was irked as far back as the 2004 Democratic primary campaign, the first time the disclaimers were required. Then, as now, he said, advertisement writers were coming up with awkward non-sequiturs just to slip in something extra.Mr. Farrell noted a current commercial for Representative Don Cazayoux, Democrat of Louisiana, in which the candidate said, I’m Don Cazayoux and I approved this message because that’s who I’m fighting for. That, Mr. Farrell said, is an amphiboly, a logical confusion created by a grammatical ambiguity.Of course, if asked, the candidate will say he means he’s fighting for the middle class, said Mr. Farrell, of the spot’s theme. However, one could easily conclude that the disclaimer addition refers to the candidate himself, as in, I’m Don and that’s who I’m fighting for.(Steve Friess, Candidates ‘Approve’ Ads and Get a Bit Creative. The New York Times, Sep. 30, 2008) Humorous Amphibolies Amphiboly is usually so recognizable that it is rarely used in real-life situations to make a claim seem stronger than it is. Instead, it more often leads to humorous misunderstandings and confusions. Newspaper headlines are one common source of amphiboly. Here are a few examples: Prostitutes Appeal to Pope Farmer Bill Dies in House Dr. Ruth to Talk About Sex With Newspaper Editors Burglar  Gets Nine Months in Violin Case Juvenile  Court to Try Shooting Defendant Red Tape Holds Up New Bridge Marijuana Issues Sent to a Joint Committee Two Convicts Evade Noose: Jury Hung. . . . Most of these cases of amphiboly are the result of a poorly constructed sentence: I like chocolate cake better than you. Although we normally try to avoid them, intentional amphiboly may prove useful when we feel obligated to say something we would rather not have to say, yet want to avoid saying something that is patently not true. Here are lines from letters of recommendation: In my opinion, you will be very fortunate to get this person to work for you. I am pleased to say that this candidate is a former colleague of mine. From a professor on receiving a late paper from a student: I shall waste no time in reading this. (John Capps and Donald Capps, Youve Got To Be Kidding!: How Jokes Can Help You Think. Wiley-Blackwell, 2009) Amphiboly in a Classified Ad Sometimes the amphiboly is more subtle. Take this newspaper classified ad that appears under Furnished Apartments for Rent: 3 rooms, river view, private phone, bath, kitchen, utilities included Your interest is aroused. But when you visit the apartment, there is neither a bathroom nor a kitchen. You challenge the landlord. He remarks that there are common bathroom and kitchen facilities at the end of the hall. But what about the private bath and kitchen that the ad mentioned? you query. What are you talking about? the landlord replies. The ad didnt say anything about a private bath or a private kitchen. All the ad said was private phone. The advertisement was amphibolous. One cannot tell from the printed words whether private modifies only phone or whether it also modifies bath and kitchen. (Robert J. Gula, Nonsense: Red Herrings, Straw Men and Sacred Cows: How We Abuse Logic in Our Everyday Language. Axios, 2007) Characteristics of Amphibolies To become a skilled perpetrator of amphibolies you must acquire a certain nonchalance toward punctuation, especially commas. You must learn to toss off lines such as I heard cathedral bells tripping through the alleyways, as if it mattered not a whit whether you or the bells were doing the tripping. You should acquire a vocabulary of nouns which can be verbs and a grammatical style which easily accommodates misplaced pronouns and confusions over subject and predicate. The astrology columns in popular newspapers provide excellent source material. (Madsen Pirie, How to Win Every Argument: The Use and Abuse of Logic. Continuum, 2006) The Lighter Side of Amphiboly Some amphibolous sentences are not without their humorous aspects, as in posters urging us to Save Soap and Waste Paper, or when anthropology is defined as The science of man embracing woman. We should be mistaken if we inferred immodest dress on the woman described in a story: . . . loosely wrapped in a newspaper, she carried three dresses. Amphiboly is often exhibited by newspaper headings and brief items, as in The farmer blew out his brains after taking affectionate farewell of his family with a shotgun. (Richard E. Young, Alton L. Becker, and Kenneth L. Pike, Rhetoric: Discovery and Change. Harcourt, 1970)

The 4,000 Year Old History of Locks

The 4,000 Year Old History of Locks Archeologists found the oldest known lock in the Khorsabad palace ruins near Nineveh. The lock was estimated to be 4,000 years old. It was a forerunner to a pin tumbler type of lock, and a common Egyptian lock for the time. This lock worked using a large wooden bolt to secure a door, which had a slot with several holes in its upper surface. The holes were filled with wooden pegs that prevented the bolt from being opened. The  warded lock  was also present from early times and remains the most recognizable lock and key design in the Western world. The first all-metal locks appeared between the years 870 and 900, and are attributed to the English. Affluent Romans often kept their valuables in secure boxes within their households and wore the keys as rings on their fingers.   During the period of the 18th and 19th centuries - in part to the onset of the Industrial Revolution - many technical developments were made in the locking mechanisms that added to the security of common locking devices. It was during this period that America changed from importing door hardware to manufacturing and even exporting some. The earliest patent for a double-acting pin tumbler  lock  was granted to American physician Abraham O. Stansbury in England in 1805, but the modern version, still in use today, was invented by American Linus Yale, Sr. in 1848. But, other famous locksmiths patented their lock designed before and after Linus. Robert Barron   The first serious attempt to improve the security of the lock was made in 1778 in England. Robert Barron  patented a double-acting tumbler lock. Joseph Bramah   Joseph Bramah patented the safety lock in 1784. Bramahs lock was considered unpickable. The inventor went on to create a Hydrostatic Machine, a beer-pump, the four-cock, a quill-sharpener, a working planer, and more. James Sargent   In 1857, James Sargent invented the worlds first successful key-changeable combination lock. His lock became popular with safe manufacturers and the United States Treasury Department. In 1873, Sargent patented a time lock mechanism that became the prototype of those being used in contemporary bank vaults. Samuel Segal   Mr. Samuel Segal (former New York City policeman) invented the first jimmy proof locks in 1916. Segal holds over twenty-five patents. Harry Soref   Soref founded the Master Lock Company in 1921 and patented an improved padlock. In April 1924, he received a patent (U.S #1,490,987) for his new lock casing. Soref made a padlock that was both strong and cheap using a case constructed out of layers of metal, like the doors of a bank vault. He designed his padlock using laminated steel. Linus Yale Sr.   Linus Yale invented a pin-tumbler lock in 1848. His son improved upon his lock using a smaller, flat key with serrated edges that is the basis of ​the  modern pin-tumbler locks. Linus Yale Jr. (1821-1868)   American, Linus Yale Jr. was a mechanical engineer and lock manufacturer who patented a cylinder pin-tumbler lock in 1861. Yale invented the modern combination lock in 1862.

Good for Grades, Hapiness, Writing, and Multicultural Citizenship Essay

Good for Grades, Hapiness, Writing, and Multicultural Citizenship - Essay Example After discovering my love for reading suspense thrillers, I noticed positive changes in my studies and attitudes. I researched more about the effects of reading books on people and discovered diverse beneficial academic and psychological outcomes. This essay is about reading and its benefits to students. Students should read more, because it will improve their grades, enhance their writing skills and studying attitudes, uplift their moods, and help them become multicultural citizens. Reading more is equal to getting better grades. For some students, this is not exactly motivating, because they are not precisely into reading more class materials. By reading, however, I refer to leisure reading that consists of quality books. Yes, I rate my favorite authors as capable of writing quality books, because they use a wide range of vocabulary and I learn a great deal from their writing styles. It is important to read something interesting, or else there is no motivation to read. Go ahead and read Star Trek if one finds science fiction as riveting. Or read Twilight, if one enjoys teen romance with a vampirish theme. Reading can improve student’s grades, because extensive reading improves comprehension. It develops comprehension by enhancing one’s vocabulary. ... Reading also enhances fluency (Houghton Mifflin Company). Studies show that â€Å"unless students can accurately and effortlessly deal with the word-identification demands of reading, difficulties will result in comprehension and overall reading achievement† (LaBerge & Samuels qtd. in Houghton Mifflin Company). Reading helps students relate words to its meanings and diverse functions. Evidence also shows that when people have a habit of reading, their reading performance also improves (Bridge, Winograd, & Haley; Dowhower; Herman qtd. in Houghton Mifflin Company). Reading begets reading. People who read more can read and speak better. Reading can also develop positive attitudes toward reading and studying (Day 1). Day talks about how students, who love reading, suddenly enjoy reading more school material and nurture positive attitudes in studying. The love for leisure reading transfers to academic reading too. I myself can attest to this, because reading helped me concentrate o n academic materials. Since concentration is needed when reading Koontz and Tracy, I honed my concentration abilities. I soon found out that I can also concentrate more on reading, thanks to Koontz and Tracy. I did not know that they could teach me concentration skills. Reading also builds my enthusiasm for studying. Studying is mainly reading, unless computations are required. It is hard to study when one detests the process of reading. Some students hate studying, because they do not like reading. But when they learn to love reading their favorite books, they will somehow learn to love reading class materials too. Somehow, it transfers and the positive feelings that go with leisure

The Future of Health Care Delivery in Canada Research Paper

The Future of Health Care Delivery in Canada - Research Paper Example Each provincial government delivers health services to the people on its own terms, making the harmonization of the health care delivery system very difficult, which in turn means that it is difficult to coordinate national health programs and as a result, any health challenges goes unaddressed, since each provincial government has to do its own audit. Therefore, this is a significant issue that needs to be addressed, through a possible overhaul of the system, to place healthcare under the responsibility of the national government, and thus achieve more coordination and harmonization of the health services delivered to the people. This will serve to ensure equity and fairness for all in the future. Secondly, the Canadian healthcare delivery system has major imbalances between acute and chronic treatment (Rachlis, 2004). The healthcare system in Canada was established on the basis of providing world-class treatment for major illnesses such as surgeries, while the chronic illnesses hav e been relegated to a level that is deficient (Rachlis, 2004). Consequently, there are few deaths resulting from major illnesses because the health care system is well developed for that, but there are major shortcomings in the area of chronic illnesses, which accounts for much of the lives lost in the country. Therefore, there is a great need for the country’s healthcare system to be developed further for chronic treatment capacities, which will ensure that the imbalance existing between the acute and the chronic treatments is effectively addressed in the future.

A view from the bridge Essay Example for Free

A view from the bridge Essay In A view from the bridge, Miller has tried to make a hero out of a man who has no redeeming qualities. Do you agree? I agree that Miller has tried to make a hero out of a man with no redeeming qualities. Although Miller did not succeed, he still has attempted to make this typical longshoreman, Eddie Carbone a hero. What makes a hero a hero? A young handsome gentleman who saves the day? If this is what a hero is defined as then no, Miller has not tried to make Eddie Carbone a hero. However the word hero can have more than just one meaning. If Miller thought a hero was someone who had done something particularly worthy, then I would say yes, Miller has succeeded turning Eddie into a hero, as Eddie dying for the love of Catherine is nothing less than admirable. A hero is defined as a man who due to a tragic flaw, dies, and because of his death, we feel a heavy sense of loss and pity. A classic example would be Macbeth. But what does Macbeth have that makes him a hero that Eddie Carbone does not? The fact that Macbeth was of noble birth and Eddie Carbone was just a typical longshoreman who worked on the piers of Brooklyn Bridge. The reason I think Miller has tried to make a hero out of Eddie is because of the way he creates Eddie and the characters around him. A good example of this would be Alfieri. Miller creates Alfieri as the Greek chorus. Not only is Alfieri the observer, he too plays a crucial part of the play as the law. Miller has used Alfieri to create a sense of justice throughout the play, and as the play goes on, we learn to trust Alfieri. Miller has used this trust that we have for Alfieri to build up the feelings we have towards Eddie. I feel this way as Alfieri constantly praises Eddie and although Alfieri knows that Eddies death was useless, he will still mourn him with a certain alarm. Alfieri also mentions that he will love him more than all my sensible clients which gives the audience a sense of doubt of whether or not Eddie deserved to die. Another character Miller has used to make Eddie look more hero-like is Catherine. Although it was the love for Catherine that caused Eddies death, I feel that this is what Miller intended. After all, it is the love for Catherine which is Eddies only redeeming quality. This love is displayed throughout the play not only for Catherine, but for his family. Eddie Carbone was a man who worked on the piers when there was work, brought home his pay, and lived; this alone gives us enough reason for Eddie to qualify as a hero, because it was all his years of striving which kept his family alive. This would definitely be considered as a redeeming quality. However, although Miller has tried to make Eddie into a hero, he has not succeeded. Miller has created a chauvinistic dictator with somewhat of an inner child. Eddie Carbone is a typical Italian male who dominates the household and feels that strength and face is most important. We see Eddies display of male superiority in the beginning of the play when Catherine first tells him about her job. Because Eddie is the man of the house he makes all the decisions and what he says goes. We see this male domination every time Edie talks to Beatrice. Because Eddie is the husband, he has to be obeyed. Eddie also has a childish behavior as well. Like a child, Eddie speaks his own mind regardless of other peoples feelings. We notice this in Act one when Catherine shows Eddie her new dress. In the play, Miller has displayed traits of Eddies dog manic behavior not only in speech, but in action too. We see this in the end of Act one. By the end of Act one, we already start to see the physical side of Eddies feelings towards Rodolfo. In this crucial moment we also see the close connection between the brotherhood of Rodolfo and Marco. When Eddie defeats Rodolfo whilst teaching him how to box, Marco immediately becomes aware of the hostility Eddie has towards Rodolfo and directly threatens Eddie by lifting the chair above his head in an intimidating posture. Although Eddies flaws outweigh his redeeming qualities, in conclusion, I would still say that Miller has tried to make a hero out of Eddie, a man who has no redeeming qualities, and has not succeeded. By: Stephanie Ko Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

From Paleolithic to the Modern World :: World History

From Paleolithic to the Modern World Before the existence of an advanced civilization many steps of evolution is required. The complex human society is one of the best examples there is. For example the revolutionary steps from the Paleolithic and the Neolithic to the Modern World is filled with wonder and awe. However, the ascents involved is not that extraordinary; if it is being closely observed. Foremost, the Nomadic People of the Paleolithic Age depends heavily on the moving herds of animals for food and sometimes even clothing. Therefore, nomads of Paleolithic Age follow their preys and move with them as the various animals migrates as the season changes through out the year. Even though the nomads' food source was usually abundant and finding of shelters were not much of a problem, but the ongoing journeys with the hunted animals provides little security against several other different big game predators, that preys upon both men and the animals nomads travel with. The harsh environment nomads face gradually forced them to discover a much easier lifestyle. And that began the age of Neolithic or the New Stone Age. During the New Stone age people started to settle down and build their own shelters instead of dwelling in caves. Also the once nomads learned how to grow their own food. As a result population grew as life became easier and more bearable. The result of the population growth directly affected the early people in many ways. One of them is that due to scarce food during the nomadic period, clans had to dispatch extra members when it reach to a certain number. However, with the much more settled society be rid of extra members is no longer necessary. Therefore, more manual labors were available when needed. As the early people learned how to adapt and modify to the environment that they lived in, more advanced settlements began to emerge.

Unit 4 Per Diary Task

Unit 4 Practice Evidence Record Diary 4. 1-  During my time at placement I have had to encourage children to use resources in a safe and controlled way. For example while working outside in the settings back garden the children wanted to play on the slide. For children to be playing on the slide they will need to climb up from the one side where there are steps. However I made sure that I was close by in case a child injures themselves.While supporting the children I also allow myself to encourage the children to hold onto the handrail allowing them to have a steady balance, preventing them from falling. Due to keeping children safe and secure I am able to acknowledge that I am suppose to be asking the children not to run to fast and ensure that I am providing positive instructions for example to take turns on the slide allowing all the children to have a chance in playing on the slide I also supervised the children during the activity to make sure they were safe.It states in Tasso ni. P ^et al^ Heinemann 4th edition child care and education cache level 3 that P. Tassoni, 2007, page, 218 says  Ã‚  health and safety policy- this will give guidelines on how to keep children, parents and staff safe, for example guidelines on handing over children at the end of a session safely. However this practice shows that I am able to follow all policies and procedures such as the Health and Safety Work Act 1974 or the Equal opportunity policy.

The Significance of the Title to the Novel the Pearl

The significance of the title to the novel ‘The Pearl’. The novel ‘The Pearl’ by John Steinbeck is such a novel that really interest me as a reader. What is really appropriate is the title itself which incorporate ‘the pearl’, the essence of the story. The pearl is very significant to the title because without ‘the pearl of the world’, the story just would not exist. The novel could not stand by itself if the pearl is not found. We can also see that any story would not be interesting without conflicts.The pearl has created conflicts among the characters in the novel. Thus, it can be said that it is the pearl that moves the story. The characters are nothing without the pearl. The pearl is the beginning and the end of the novel. As readers, we can see that the pearl appears as something significant when Kino found it. The finding of the pearl is described vividly in the story. Its colour and shape are shown by the writer graphically. The response from Kino who clinched his fist triumphantly and his friends who come in drove show the importance of the pearl.We realized that the story revolves around the pearl. This continues till the end of the story. The disappearance of the pearl when it was thrown by Kino marks the end of the story. Therefore, the pearl is a single entity which is very important to the novel. The pearl is crucial as the title as it differentiate between good and evil and between the poor and the wealthy. It becomes a priceless commodity that turns the character into who they are. Those who wish to be evil use the pearl for evil purposes whereas the good just need it for their normal life.Thus the pearl is very significant to both parties, and to the title of the novel. A novel energy lies in the existence of powerful characters and plot. Although the pearl is not a character, its involvement in nearly all the important happenings is a statement that it is the energy that drives the story forwa rd. Those who touch it become obsess with it and those who haven’t are willing to do anything to get it. Kino becomes obsessed with the pearl promises and the doctor is willing to sacrifice his professional etiquette to obtain the pearl.It seems that the energy of the pearl is uncontrollable. This makes ‘The Pearl’ a remarkable tale that interest readers. A story needs a suitable setting which suit the period. The pearl is a perfect instrument that suits a story that takes place in La Paz, an important pearl producer in American Continent. We can imagine that if the pearl is replaced with other thing, the novel would become dull and the story becomes irrelevant. It is an important tool that require by many people in La Paz, including the natives and the wealthy immigrants.Kino himself said that the pearl is his soul. The pearl that drives the economy of La Paz is also the one that drives the plot of ‘The Pearl’. The points above have shown that the t itle of the novel ‘The Pearl’ which uses the pearl of the world as its main ingredient is rightly chosen. The title ‘The Pearl’ perfectly suits the story plot. It also provides the right ingredient for conflicts and a foundation for a never ending quests for a good life.

Grapes of Wrath - Analysis 11 essays

Grapes of Wrath - Analysis 11 essays In chapter 11 of the Grapes of Wrath, Steinbeck describes the scene after all the farmers have left. In this, he creates a sense of injustice, injustice to the farmers who have had to leave their land and to the land who is deprived of life and understanding. When the farmers leave their land, the land becomes vacant, but farm workers are soon upon it with tractors. This is injustice to the land. Steinbeck compares these tractors to horses. He states that tractors are alive but when the motor of the tractor stops, it is...dead. Tractors are easy and efficient but nonetheless when the job is done, they are dead. A horse, on the other hand, stops work and goes into the barn but unlike the tractor there is life and vitality left in a horse because it is very alive. Horses have the warmth of life...and the heat and smell of life that fills the barn, but in a tractor the heat goes out...like the living heat that leaves a corpse. The tractor is dead, but the earth is not. It is unfair that such dead things should have to work the land. The earth itself needs life to nourish it and work it, i.e. the horses. Steinbeck explains that even though men continue to work the land, these men have no real connection to their work. These corporate farm workers come to the farmland during the day, drive a tractor over it, and then leave to go home. Such a separation, Steinbeck explains, causes men to lose wonder for their work and for the land. For nitrates are not the land, nor phosphates; and the length of fiber in the cotton is not the land but this is the way the farm workers and corporate men see it. They do not understand what the land truly is. They know only chemistry and analysis. They know only the profit that these two can bring. But the farmer is different. He alone ...

Major General Lafayette McLaws - American Civil War

Major General Lafayette McLaws - American Civil War Lafayette McLaws - Early Life Career: Born in Augusta, GA on January 15, 1821, Lafayette McLaws was the son of James and Elizabeth McLaws.   Named for the Marquis de Lafayette, he disliked his name which was pronounced LaFet in his native state.   While receiving his early education at Augustas Richmond Academy, McLaws was schoolmates with his future commander, James Longstreet.   When he turned sixteen in 1837, Judge John P. King recommended that McLaws be appointed to the US Military Academy.   While accepted for an appointment, it was deferred a year until Georgia had a vacancy to fill.   As a result, McLaws elected to attend the University of Virginia for a year.   Leaving Charlottesville in 1838, he entered West Point on July 1. While at the academy, McLaws classmates included Longstreet, John Newton, William Rosecrans, John Pope, Abner Doubleday, Daniel H. Hill, and Earl Van Dorn.   Struggling as student, he graduated in 1842 ranked forty-eighth in a class of fifty-six.   Commissioned as a brevet second lieutenant on July 21, McLaws received an assignment to the 6th US Infantry at Fort Gibson in the Indian Territory.   Promoted to second lieutenant two years later, he moved to the 7th US Infantry.   In late 1845, his regiment joined Brigadier General Zachary Taylors Army of Occupation in Texas.   The following March, McLaws and the army shifted south to the Rio Grande opposite the Mexican town of Matamoros.  Ã‚   Lafayette McLaws - Mexican-American War: Arriving in late March, Taylor ordered the construction of Fort Texas along the river before moving the bulk of his command to Point Isabel.   The 7th Infantry, with Major Jacob Brown in command, was left to garrison the fort.   In late April, American and Mexican forces first clashed beginning the Mexican-American War.   On May 3, Mexican troops opened fire on Fort Texas and commenced a siege of the post.   Over the next few days, Taylor won victories at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma before relieving the garrison.   Having endured the siege, McLaws and his regiment remained in place through the summer before taking part the Battle of Monterrey that September.   Suffering from ill health, he was placed on the sick list from December 1846 into February 1847.    Promoted to first lieutenant on February 16, McLaws played a role in the Siege of Veracruz the following month.   Continuing to have health issues, he was then ordered north to New York to for recruiting duty.   Active in this role through the rest of the year, McLaws returned to Mexico in early 1848 after making several requests to rejoin his unit.   Ordered home in June, his regiment moved to Jefferson Barracks in Missouri.   While there, he met and married Taylors niece Emily.   Promoted to captain in 1851, the next decade saw McLaws move through a variety of posts on the frontier. Lafayette McLaws - The Civil War Begins: With the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter and start of the Civil War in April 1861, McLaws resigned from the US Army and accepted a commission as a major in the Confederate service.   In June, he became colonel of the 10th Georgia Infantry and his men were assigned to the Peninsula in Virginia.   Aiding to construct defenses in this area, McLaws greatly impressed Brigadier General John Magruder.   This led to a promotion to brigadier general on September 25 and command of a division later that fall.   In the spring, Magruders position came under attack when Major General George B. McClellan commenced his Peninsula Campaign.   Performing well during the Siege of Yorktown, McLaws earned a promotion to major general effective May 23.   Ã‚      Lafayette McLaws - Army of Northern Virginia: As the season progressed, McLaws saw further action as General Robert E. Lee commenced a counter-offensive which resulted in the Seven Days Battles.   During the campaign, his division contributed to the Confederate victory at Savages Station but was repelled at Malvern Hill.   With McClellan checked on the Peninsula, Lee reorganized the army and assigned McLaws division to Longstreets corps.   When the Army of Northern Virginia moved north in August, McLaws and his men remained on the Peninsula to watch Union forces there.   Ordered north in September, the division operated under Lees control and assisted Major General Thomas Stonewall Jacksons capture of Harpers Ferry.       Ordered to Sharpsburg, McLaws earned Lees ire by moving slowly as the army re-concentrated prior to the Battle of Antietam.   Reaching the field, the division aided in holding the West Woods against Union attacks.   In December, McLaws regained Lees respect when his division and the rest of Longstreets corps resolutely defended Maryes Heights during the Battle of Fredericksburg.   This recovery proved short-lived as he was tasked with checking Major General John Sedgwicks VI Corps during the final stages of the Battle of Chancellorsville.   Facing the Union force with his division and that of Major General Jubal A. Early, he again moved slowly and lacked aggressiveness in dealing with the enemy.    This was noted by Lee, who when he reorganized the army after Jacksons death, declined Longstreets recommendation that McLaws receive command of one of the two newly-created corps.   Though a reliable officer, McLaws functioned best when given direct commands under close supervision.   Upset by perceived favoritism to officers from Virginia, he requested a transfer which was refused.   Marching north that summer, McLaws men arrived at the Battle of Gettysburg early on July 2.   After several delays, his men attacked Brigadier General Andrew A. Humphreys and Major General David Birneys divisions of Major General Daniel Sickles III Corps.   Under the personal supervision of Longstreet, McLaws pushed Union forces back capturing the Peach Orchard and beginning a back and forth struggle for the Wheatfield.   Unable to break through, the division fell back to defensible positions that evening.   The next day, McLaws remained in place as Picketts Charge was defeated to the nor th.          Lafayette McLaws - In the West:    On September 9, the bulk of Longstreets corps was ordered west to aid General Braxton Braggs Army of Tennessee in northern Georgia.   Though he had not yet arrived, the lead elements of McLaws division saw action during the Battle of Chickamauga under the guidance of Brigadier General Joseph B. Kershaw.   Reassuming command after the Confederate victory, McLaws and his men initially took part in siege operations outside of Chattanooga before moving north later in the fall as part of Longstreets Knoxville Campaign.   Attacking the citys defenses on November 29, McLaws division was baldy repelled.   In the wake of the defeat, Longstreet relieved him but elected not to court-martial him as he believed McLaws might be useful to the Confederate Army in another position. Irate, McLaws requested a court-martial to clear his name.   This was granted and commenced in February 1864.   Due to delays in obtaining witnesses, a ruling was not issued until May.   This found McLaws not guilty on two charges of neglect of duty but guilty on a third.   Though sentenced to sixty days without pay and command, the punishment was immediately suspended due to wartime needs.   On May 18, McLaws received orders for the defenses of Savannah in the Department of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida.   Though he argued that he was being scapegoated for Longstreets failure at Knoxville, he accepted this new assignment. While in Savannah, McLaws new division unsuccessfully resisted Major General William T. Shermans men that fall at the conclusion of the March to the Sea.   Retreating north, his men saw continued action during the Carolinas Campaign and took part in the Battle of Averasborough on March 16, 1865.   Lightly engaged at Bentonville three days later, McLaws lost his command when General Joseph E. Johnston reorganized Confederate forces after the battle.   Sent to lead the District of Georgia, he was in that role when the war ended. Lafayette McLaws - Later Life: Staying in Georgia, McLaws entered the insurance business and later served as a tax collector.   Engaged in Confederate veterans groups, he initially defended Longstreet against those, such as Early, who attempted to blame the defeat at Gettysburg on him.   During this time, McLaws did reconcile to some degree with his former commander who admitted that relieving him was a mistake.   Late in his life, resentment towards Longstreet resurfaced and he began to side with Longstreets detractors.   McLaws died in Savannah on July 24, 1897, and was buried in the citys Laurel Grove Cemetery.  Ã‚   Selected Sources Gettysburg Generals: Major General Lafayette McLawsCivil War: Major General Lafayette McLawsLatin Library: Major General Lafayette McLaws

The World Bank and Global Poverty Research Paper

The World Bank and Global Poverty - Research Paper Example Poverty cannot be measured just by a study of the people’s income levels. The purpose of this letter is to point out some of the weaknesses of the poverty measures that your organization relies upon to gauge the extent of poverty around the world. The World Bank uses absolute terms in its description of poverty. The bank classifies people living in ‘extreme poverty’ as those whose earnings are less than US$1.25 per day (PPP), and relative poverty for people earnings less than $2 per day. In light of these figures, an estimated 1.4 billion and 2.7 billion of people currently live in extreme poverty and relative poverty situations respectively. The World Bank, therefore, erroneously believes that the global economy can still sustain the reduction of poverty as envisaged in the Millennium Development Goals by 2015, since the number of people whose daily earnings are below $1.25 has been decreasing. The reality, though, is that, with the current poverty measures in pl ace, with the exclusion of China, the rest of the countries in the developing world as still far from achieving much in terms of poverty reduction. The main shortcoming of the poverty measurement tool (PPP) used by the World Bank is that it is premised upon intrinsic representation of lack of resources. It is evident that poverty lines do not provide accurate estimates of the level of poverty because poverty is all-encompassing. Evidence confirms that a number of the current statistics on poverty lines might have been justifiably grouped in the dollar-a-day category. In the latest round of poverty measurement, you organization’s line of $1.25 per person per day are premised upon the standard poverty line for 15 countries with the weakest economies in the world. These inconsistencies call for a new approach to measuring poverty by your organization. An alternative approach revolving around the estimation of the poverty based on the median country normally brings about signific antly higher figures of the poor, especially in highly populated countries such as India and China. Moreover, the new World Bank approach ignores the rate of inflation in developed countries like the United States; a factor that would have pushed the original $1.08 mark to $1.45 for 2005, with clear repercussions on the equivalent estimates of people in poverty, and thus for the realization of the MDGs on the issue by 2015. The study of earnings by people within a given country and across the world in general, gives a skewed understanding of poverty in favour of income as opposed to other factors that stem from poverty and enhance its pangs on the affected persons. In light of this disparity, a multi-dimensional measurement of poverty would provide a more all-encompassing understanding of poverty. Multi-dimensional poverty index Your organization’s reliance upon measurements of just relative earnings to ascertain the level of poverty covers only a small section of the whole i ssue and falls short of comprehensively describing the complex nature of poverty. I believe that your approach to measuring poverty should involve an evaluation and measurement of other factors, which are associated with the multi-dimensional disposition of the situation as well. These encompass factors such as the rate of joblessness, the level of poor health care or educational

Health care delivery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Health care delivery - Essay Example Numerous trends influence all areas of health care, including care by nursing. The rising cost of health care has generated numerous outcomes that have had a broad impact on health care delivery. The potential compensation system for hospital Medicare patients, introduced in 1983, and current managed care competition need cost containment measures and a redefinition of least standards of care for hospitalized patients. The patient care plan should reflect a strategy that best congregates the patient's needs within time limitations and limited resources. The goal of efficiency inflicts shorter hospital stays for patients, reformation of hospitals for economic survival, and efforts to enumerate nursing care costs (Sinclair Vaughn 1988). Patients in hospitals are sicker, are being treated more appropriately, and are being expulsioned before they are completely recovered from their illnesses. Home health care and ambulatory services are growing in retort to the need and the economic indu cement ( Freeman et al., 1987, Slemenda Mary Beth, 1983).A subsequent trend in health care relates to the greatly technical hospital environment . Quickly changing technology imposes both knowledge requirements and a rising concern about the impersonality of the critical care environment. Nursing has reacted to these issues by attempts at association and communication in education and perform, innovative attempts at care planning all the way through computerization, organized training and education plans for staff, and new roles and constitutions in nursing practice ( Simpson and Brown, 1985). Main Discussion Nursing as a discipline is becoming inextricably bounced to technology ( DeVisser, 1981: 127). Specialization in medical practice as the sixties has imposed a national standard of medical and nursing care ( Garlo, 1984). Proceeding to that time, a physician might determine proper care for a heart attack patient. This care might be prejudiced by the region, the personal philosophy of the physician, as well as the resources of the community and hospital. The universal practitioner in a small town might have a diverse standard than would the teaching hospital in a big city. This is less the case now than ever before. National medical board qualifications now determines obstetric or cardiac care in both urban and rural areas, and these standards are upheld officially for physicians, nurses, and hospitals. Hospitals in small towns might have equipment and offer services once simply seen in a medical center. Regional trauma and neonatal ICU networks exemplify this phenomenon. Third-party payers, including Medicare, inflict a further standard for hospital care. Official approval standards set by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations also encourage similarities somewhat than differences among hospitals. Critical care units have emerged as a general feature of hospitals in the 1990s (Elpern Ellen H., Suzanne B. Yellen, and Laural A. Burton 1998). The consequences of technology for nursing practice comprise demands for education and training, the materialization of specialized clinical roles, artistic and often expensive staffing patterns, salary incentive programs, distresses about abrasion of expert staff, stress and job tension, and the stresses of ethical predicaments arising in critical care settings. Critical care nursing, at present an anticipated part of hospital care in the 1990s, seems rooted in two discrete features (Campbell Margaret L. and Richard W. Carlson 2002). First, the enormity of patient needs calls for twenty-four-hour nursing surveillance. The temperament of this nurse-patient relationship has social, structural, institutional, and economic roots in the development of nursing in the United States. Private duty nursing and hospital staff nursing both restrain